From enhancing aesthetics to ensuring functionality and security, the selection of doors can significantly impact the overall success of a project. In turn, they reflect the character and personality of designers and clients alike.

Marvin Ultimate Multi-Slide door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Marvin, a manufacturer of custom windows and doors, is well attuned to the importance of doors in everyday life. George Marvin began the company over a hundred years ago in 1912 as a family-owned and operated cedar and lumber company. Their core mission has been to help people live better. With roots in Warroad, Minnesota, the company has products that are now used around the world, offering architects, builders, and homeowners a greater connection to their surroundings.

In this guide, we delve into the intricacies of specifying doors, from material selection and design considerations to technical requirements and sustainability concerns. Additionally, we spotlight Marvin and their commitment to craftsmanship, innovation, and quality. Whether you’re designing a residential masterpiece, a commercial complex, or a public institution, the guide aims to equip architects with the knowledge and resources needed to make informed decisions on the selection of high-quality doors.

Marvin Modern Multi-Slide doors; image courtesy of Marvin.

Materials

Doors can be crafted using a wide range of materials. At Marvin, the chosen material and door style is typically inspired by how people want to live. Whether it’s a classic French patio door, a modern swinging door, or a large scenic door that blurs the boundaries between indoors and out, Marvin doors provide a vast range of custom sizes, configurations, and design options for residential, commercial and replacements, as well as remodel projects.

Generally speaking, solid wood, solid core and hollow core are some of the most common materials used for interior applications. Exterior doors are often made of wood, steel, aluminum or fiberglass-composite. Architects typically specify materials for the door and frame based on factors like durability, aesthetics, maintenance, and budget.

Marvin Elevate Sliding Patio door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Exterior Applications:

• Solid Wood: Common among exterior applications, solid wood doors offer great versatility and opportunities for customization. Natural-finish stock and custom wood doors come in oak, cherry, walnut, mahogany, maple, fir and pine. You’ll also find paint-grade doors in several softwood varieties, such as pine and western hemlock. Many wood doors are a sandwich of wood-veneer skins and an engineered-wood core, which helps minimize warping.
• Steel: Steel is the best option when security and durability are top concerns in your design. Steel doors are stronger than wood and fiberglass doors, and neither crack nor warp. All steel doors have an inner frame made of either wood or steel. The cavities within this frame are filled with high-density foam insulation.
• Aluminum: Aluminum doors come in a huge variety of styles and colors, with smooth or wood-grain finishes. Additionally, they have an enamel finish, which means that the door will not rust or require maintenance.
• Fiberglass-Composite: Tough and maintenance-free, fiberglass-composite doors are a smart choice for harsh or humid climates. They mimic the look of wood with wood-grain texturing and can be stained to match oak, cherry, walnut and a variety of other woods. Beneath their molded surface is a framework of wooden stiles and rails, including wood edges for the lockset. Voids in the framework are filled with polyurethane-foam insulation.

Ultimate Sliding door rendering showcasing the interior wood material; image courtesy of Marvin.

Ultimate Sliding door rendering showcasing the exterior aluminum material; image courtesy of Marvin.

Marvin exterior doors include those in the Ultimate product line, offering beautiful design, craftsman-quality construction, and the widest selection of shapes, styles, sizes, and options. In addition, doors within the Modern product line comprise an extruded aluminum interior and high-density fiberglass exterior and meet the exacting principles of modern design. The Essential collection use a fiberglass interior and exterior, while doors in the Elevate collection combine a wood interior with a fiberglass exterior and streamlined finishes and options to choose from. This flexibility and range of offerings enables the manufacturer to meet evolving consumer demands.

Interior Applications:

• Solid Wood: Solid wood doors are extremely sturdy and weather very well. While it is often the most expensive option, many buyers consider solid wood to be of good value due to its long-lasting composition. Solid wood interior doors also offer great insulation and act as a natural sound barrier.
• Solid Core: Solid-core doors are made from plywood or molded composite exterior, with a filled-wood-fiber interior. Solid-core doors generally look and feel similar to that of a solid wood door, maintaining the same aesthetic quality while offering good insulation and sound barrier between rooms. However, they are more likely to expand and contract with rising heat and moisture levels, which may present an issue depending on where your project is located.
• Hollow Core: Generally the least expensive option, hollow core doors are constructed from a wooden frame, plywood or hardwood surface and filled with rigid cardboard to maintain their shape. They are not as durable or fire-resistant as the solid doors. Not surprisingly, the acoustic performance is also weaker. A benefit of hollow core doors is that they do not warp with humidity.

Marvin Ultimate Narrow Profile Swinging doors; image courtesy of Marvin.

Door Types

There are many different types of doors, which should be chosen based on material preference, operating type and safety considerations. Marvin offers nine key door types:

Sliding Doors: Sliding doors have one or more panels opening on either a sliding track or hanging rollers. They are space saving and help open up a room. The different styles of sliding doors include multi-slide doors, French doors, barn doors, pocket doors, lift-and-slide doors, and patio doors (sometimes called a sliding glass door). Marvin’s recently launched Ultimate Sliding door breaks new ground in this category, featuring aluminum-clad doors with a streamlined design that matches the aesthetics of swinging doors.

The new Ultimate Sliding door (horizontal cross-section shown here in an OXXO configuration) breaks new ground for aluminum clad-wood products by featuring a streamlined design with no visible vinyl on the interior and exterior when closed, symmetry and alignment of the meeting stiles, and a lack of interior glazing beads, jamb liners or profiled interior stops to eliminate shadow lines.

Marvin Ultimate Sliding door system is available in up to four panels and offers seven standard configuration options.

Multi-slide Doors: Multi-slide door types have more than one moving panel that either stack or conceal in a wall pocket when opened. They serve to add broad views and openings. Multi-slide doors are sliding doors with more than one moving panel aligned in a row. When open, the panels either stack side-by-side near the edge of the frame or disappear into a wall pocket. Thanks to their many panels, multi-slide doors present huge openings, some reaching heights up to 12 feet tall and widths over 50 feet.

Bi-fold Doors: Also known as folding or accordion doors, have two or more folding hinged panels. They are a popular style for patio doors. They consist of multiple panels hinged to each other that fold open and close like an accordion. Interior bi-fold doors are often used for closets or pantries and usually have two panels. Exterior bi-fold doors can feature many floor-to-ceiling glass panels and open to present an entry and exit space up to 55 feet long.

Commercial Doors: These Marvin doors combine sophisticated design with the rugged durability to stand up to years of commercial use. They are available in a wide variety of design and customization options.

Entry Doors: For this door type, they usually provide passage between a house and an outdoor space or garage. These doors feature one or more panels that swing open and closed on hinges. Entry doors are made with a more durable construction. Common panel materials include aluminum, composite, fiberglass, steel, or wood. Unlike interior swinging doors, entry doors have weatherstripping and a threshold to provide protection from harsh weather conditions. Many also have glass panels or transom and sidelight windows to allow for natural light and improved sightlines.

Marvin Ultimate Multi-Slide door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Interior Doors: As a Marvin brand, TruStile offers a variety of interior and entry doors all made-to-order. In 1995 TruStile set out to create the best interior doors in the industry by using only the highest quality materials and providing the most flexible design opportunities. In 2015 TruStile was acquired by Marvin. They now offer a range of styles from panel and modern doors to glass and speciality doors.

Lift and Slide: The Marvin Ultimate Lift and Slide door pairs well with large door panels with effortless, fingertip operation thanks to a carefully-engineered carriage system that lifts panels off their track for weightless operation. They include versions as wood interior, wood or aluminum-clad exterior, with openings up to 47’ wide by 12’ high. You can choose from 22 operating configurations.

Swinging Doors: The most common style of door, swinging doors feature one or multiple-hinged panels that swing open and closed. Swinging doors are available in single or multiple panel designs. The direction a door swings, either to the right or left, is known as its “handing.” Exterior swinging doors are also differentiated by whether they open into the building or out of it, termed “inswing” or “outswing.”

Garage Doors: The Coastline Garage door is a complement to any contemporary style. You can design a showcase piece with clear glass or obscure the view while preserving the natural light with tinting or a decorative glass coating. Made with durable and low-maintenance extruded aluminum and impact-resistant glass. It is available in widths over 18′ and heights over 14′ with a max area of 229 square feet.

Marvin Ultimate Bi-Fold door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Aesthetics

Considering aesthetics when specifying doors is crucial because doors play a significant role in shaping the visual identity and overall ambiance of a space. As one of the most visible architectural elements, doors contribute to the design narrative and set the tone for the entire building. Moreover, doors serve as focal points that draw attention and add character to interior and exterior spaces.

Dimensions: Always specify the height, width and desired thickness of your door. It is also important to note that by ADA standards, doors must have a width-clearance of at least 32-inches.

Paint: Some door products come with a layer of primer already on, making them a perfect canvas for a paint job. Ask your manufacturer what type of paint they recommend, based on the door you have selected, or choose an interior finish where the manufacturer paints/finishes the door — Marvin offers white, black or clear-coat options.

Hardware: Door hardware parts, including door knobs, deadbolts, hinges and knockers, are offered in many finishes such as brass, bronze, pewter, chrome, nickel and black. For added depth, you can also consider one with a distressed, oil-rubbed, matte, satin, aged or antique finish.

Door Frames: A sometimes overlooked component is the door frame, which is a crucial factor for both safety measures and thermal performance. Common materials include vinyl, wood, fiberglass, metal and composite frames.

Design Details

Square Sticking: Square sticking creates a clean, squared-off transition on the interior edge of a window or door where glass meets the frame — ideal for a sleek contemporary look.

Authentic or Simulated Divided Lites (ADL / SDL): In windows and doors, an authentic divided lite (ADL) entails separate pieces of glass glazed between muntin bars, while simulated divided lite (SDL) bars are permanently adhered to both sides of a single piece of glass for a more energy-efficient option.

Mulling: Large window walls that open spaces to the outdoors create the opportunity for impressive views. Marvin has extensive mulling capabilities to allow for larger certified assemblies with greater expanses of glass.

Marvin Elevate Sliding Patio door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Performance

Ensure that doors meet fire rating requirements if applicable, and specify safety features such as panic hardware and signage for emergency exits. Consider the need for soundproofing and thermal insulation, especially for doors in sensitive areas or energy-efficient buildings. In addition to the following considerations, always check the technical specifications of manufacturers to ensure proper performance.

Security and Privacy: If security is a concern, consult with your manufacturer as there may be systems available to increase the door’s performance using alarms, lights and high performance locks.

Fire Resistance: Fire resistant doors typically receive 90, 60, 45 or 20-minute ratings. Fire resistant door materials may vary from steel to MDF, and can be customized to fit the desired aesthetics of your projects.

Energy Efficiency: A door typically has less glass and a higher glass-to-frame ratio than windows, so it inherently carries more insulation properties than windows. For exterior doors, such as patio doors and other sliding varieties, always check the insulation level of the glazing with the manufacturer. Marvin has put together an extensive guide to energy efficiency as a resource for designers.

Marvin Skycove and Ultimate Multi-Slide door; image courtesy of Marvin.

Coastal Ratings: Homes on the coast or in hurricane impact zones demand stronger protection against the elements, so it’s important to understand impact-resistance, impact ratings and other measures for creating a shield against extreme conditions. Marvin offers IZ3 and IZ4 rated products for coastal properties that need to meet zoning requirements.

Accessibility: Ensure that doors comply with accessibility standards, including width, clearance, operability, and hardware height.

Case Studies

Green Mountain Views by Wadsworth Design Build

Images courtesy of Marvin.

The clients for an intriguing barn-like retreat near Stratton Mountain in Vermont were initially looking to build a garage to store mountain bikes and gym equipment, with two doors to drive a snowmobile in one side and out the other without having to back it up. After consulting with Wadsworth Design Build, the project expanded into a guest house with sleek living quarters above the multi-use garage space below. This project features three Marvin product lines: windows from both Marvin Modern and Marvin Essential and a Marvin Elevate sliding patio door.

Hadley House by SeaGlass Architects

Originally built in the mid-19th century, Hadley House was in need of a transformative restoration. Novack Properties, SeaGlass Architects, and Jackson’s General Carpentry set out to reimagine the home for the 21st century. After consulting historical documents and photos, the property was meticulously redesigned to capture its historic personality outside but with interior spaces suited to today’s lifestyle. Marvin custom created 7-foot-tall double-hung windows for the house from their Ultimate line, while TruStile interior doors were used in the dining room, sitting room, and the hallway’s two vestibules.

A Glass House on the Water by Charlie & Co. Design

Image courtesy of Marvin.

The brief for this stunning contemporary home on the banks of Minnesota’s Lake Minnetonka called for a design that maximized light and forged an intimate relationship with the external world. Thanks to magnificent expanses of glass, the residence is a conduit for the surrounding landscape — an elegant, architectural “picture frame”. The team turned to Marvin to help them deliver the seamless, streamlined esthetic their client wanted. The Marvin Modern product line, comprising a modular series of durable, fiberglass products with narrow sightlines, was the ideal fit for the ambitious design.

To explore more case studies and learn how to harness windows and doors like these for your next project, click here.

The post An Architect’s Guide To: Doors appeared first on Journal.

Concrete has existed at the core of architecture for nearly two centuries. In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste — composed of Portland cement and water — and rocks of varying sizes. Through a chemical process called hydration, the paste hardens around both fine and coarse aggregates to form the strong rock-like material known as concrete. One of the most notable qualities of concrete is that it is malleable when just mixed, but strong and durable once hardened, which means that it can be harnessed to meet a wide range of architectural and design applications.

Architizer spoke with Nerisa Gracia of Concreteworks East, a specialty manufacturer of architectural concrete, which focuses on projects in the tri-state area. According to Concreteworks East, some of the most common applications of architectural concrete include countertops, sinks, tubs, wall panels, stairs, tile, fireplaces and finally, outdoor landscaping elements. Despite their aesthetic and functional differences, many of these applications follow very similar manufacturing principles.

200 5th Ave by STUDIOS Architecture and Landworks Studio; image via Concreteworks East

Concrete Surface Systems

“I think that there’s a lot of flexibility in terms of working with precast concrete and GFRC (glass fiber reinforced concrete),” said Gracia. “The only real setback is timing; it does take a little bit of planning so depending on scale, it’s ideal for architects and designers to reach out to us in the beginning stages of a project. Once it’s planned out and fabricated, it’s quite quick to install.”

Precast Concrete: Precast concrete is manufactured by casting concrete into a mold, which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. This affords the opportunity to create highly precise bespoke elements as well as large quantities of standardized elements, like concrete wall panels. Not only do precast methods offer better quality control than onsite casting, but they also have the potential to greatly reduce construction and labour costs, since molds can be used time and time again. “In order to achieve very high standards, all of our products are precast,” said Gracia. “In the beginning, we used to also do pour-in-place, but due to the nature of most construction sites, it is just not ideal in terms of finish quality.”

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC): Glass fiber reinforced concrete is a type of reinforced concrete that is mainly used for architectural applications. GFRC allows precast concrete panels and designs to be made lighter, stronger, thinner and larger. For example, instead of breaking up a kitchen countertop into 8-foot slabs, each weighing about 300-pounds, GFRC allows manufacturers to make a single slab as long as possible.

East River Waterfront via Concreteworks East

Aesthetics

Beyond creating an endless array of color options, manufacturers such as Concreteworks East can create a variety of different finishes that incorporate contrast, texture and depth.

Color: Concreteworks East offers 15 standard precast colors as well as custom color development, creating virtually endless design possibilities. “When an architect is looking for a custom color, we will typically ask them to send us a photo or sample. Using that sample, we will find something close in our color library and then reverse engineer from there. Colors can be adjusted for whatever the project calls for.”

Formwork: The mold in which concrete is cast creates different shapes, patterns and surface textures. Common materials include timber boards, plywood, metals, plastics, foams and fabric. According to Gracia, “our most popular finish right now is board formed. We use plywood to achieve a grainy finish on the concrete panels. Different woods are also possible and result in different textures; some have extremely prominent grains and others are much more subtle.”

E20 House by Steimle Architekten

Seams and Joints: Wherever two or more concrete slabs butt up against each other, there will likely be a visible seam. It is important to talk to your manufacturer about whether you wish to accentuate or conceal seams. GFRC may allow you to get rid of seams altogether.

Surface Processing: Once concrete has cured, it is possible to alter the appearance of its surface through various physical procedures known as surface processing. These include polishing, grinding, and honing. These procedures will generally give concrete a smooth sheen and expose the aggregate. For rougher appearances, concrete can be sandblasted after curing, or washed during the curing process.

Concrete Studio by Mell Lawrence Architects

Aggregate: Aggregates of different types and sizes can be specified to alter the appearance of surface-processed concrete. Some commonly used aggregates include decorative stones such as quartzite, rounded river stones and crushed glass.

Translucency: Embedded fiber-optic filaments can help to conduct light through the cast concrete, in order to create visible patterns on the surface.

Sprial House via Concreteworks East

Performance

Sealants: Many different chemical sealants are available to help protect concrete from stains, corrosion, or surface damage, specially tailored to a variety of both interior and exterior applications. It is important to discuss which sealant to use with a specialist and tell them whether the concrete surface will be exposed to extreme moisture or freezing temperatures.

House in Jiyugaoka by Airhouse Design Office; Image via Archiportale

Sustainability: There are a number of ways to specify more environmentally friendly concrete, which may also contribute to LEED credits. For example, many manufacturers are substituting aggregates with more sustainable options, including recycled content and that which limits the amount of VOCs, in turn leading to zero emissions.

When working with Concreteworks East, clients are able to specify the percentage of recycled content that they want to incorporate into their concrete products. These additives may include fly ash, recycled glass and plastics, rice hulls, slag cement, post consumer material and industrial byproducts. These can be added at up to 80% of the entire mix.

Finally, as a light-colored product, uncoated concrete and those finished in bright white and light grey can be harnessed to increase daylighting reflections within a space.

Poughkeepsie Residence via Concreteworks East

Maintenance: Similar to other natural materials such as wood and stone, concrete is porous and therefore requires sealers to protect the material against staining and water absorption. Once sealed and installed however, concrete surfaces can be easily maintained by washing them with non-abrasive soaps and water, and by treating them with periodic waxing.

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The post An Architect’s Guide To: Concrete Surfaces appeared first on Journal.

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Integral to accessing otherwise impossible parts of a building, elevators and escalators live at the very core of how we understand and interact with high-rise buildings today; life as we know it, would be impossible without them. Yet despite using them every day, their inner workings remain relatively unknown. In this guide, we go through tips and tricks for specifying elevators and escalators.

Parkview Manor by Mason Studio; image via Mason Studio

Elevators

Elevators have a wide range of applications but their basic specifications remain the same across many industries. While industrial, hospital, and freight type elevators are defined mainly by their dimensions, purpose, and capacity, commercial and residential elevators provide more freedom for design. Determining the car capacity and which type of elevator hoist mechanism to use is best left to the manufacturer. This gives the architect an opportunity to explore design options for the hall entrance, cab interior, and user interface controls.

Brick and glass elevator by Carles Enrich; image via Carles Enrich

Elevator Hoist Systems

Gearless Traction: Gearless traction systems use woven steel cables and counterweights to turn the hoisting sheave. With the ability to achieve very high speeds, these systems are common in very tall buildings.

Geared Traction: Geared traction systems use a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit to turn the hoisting sheave. These systems are slower than gearless systems but require a less robust motor.

Machine-Roomless: Machine-roomless systems can be either traction or hydraulic. The difference is that they feature much more compact hoisting sheaves and thus do not require a machine room to support the elevator.

Hydraulic: Usually used for buildings only up to six stories high, hydraulic systems do not require large overhead hoisting systems like geared and gearless systems. Instead, they are lifted by a piston below.

Bronze Magnolia Elevator Panels designed in collaboration with Yabu Pushelberg for a new hotel in China; image via Archinect

Elevator Dimensions

The following dimensions are details that architects should know, in order to properly inform manufacturers on the parameters of their building design.

Maximum Travel Distance: Knowing the total vertical distance that the elevator must travel helps manufacturers determine the correct type of system to employ. Hydraulic systems, for example, generally support no more than six floors while traction systems are appropriate for much taller hoistways.

Minimum Floor Height: This dimension represents the landing-to-landing distance, which will help manufacturers program the elevator’s movement control and identify any limitations on the car’s size.

Hoistway Dimensions: If the shaft structure is already in place, provide the manufacturer with the width, depth, and height of the hoistway. If not, and you are building from scratch, it is easiest to plan the structure so that it can accommodate a standard system.

Entrance Dimensions: The width, height and depth of the entrance will depend on the application of the elevator. For example, hospital elevator entrances are generally 4 to 5-feet wide and 7-feet tall to accommodate any medical equipment. Talk to your manufacturer about what the best entrance dimensions are for your typology and usages.

Car Dimensions: Much like the entrance, the car dimensions will depend on the application and the desired capacity, in addition to the landing-to-landing distance. For example, passenger elevators can range from 6 to 7-feet wide and 4 to 9-feet deep, representing a load capacity range of 2,000 to 5,000-pounds.

Brick and glass elevator by Carles Enrich; image via Carles Enrich

Elevator Aesthetics

Door Type: Elevator doors may be single, double or triple speed, which refers to the number of panels. In addition, doors may be single-slide from left to right or center-opening.

Jamb: The jamb refers to the sides of the entranceway, constituting the depth between the hallway and the car interior. The jamb can be different shapes, including squares, splayed and bullnose. 

Interior Cab Design: Floor, wall and ceiling panels are available in a wide array of materials and styles including stainless steel, metallic laminate, colored laminate, wood laminate, wood, glass, enamel, vinyl, carpet and stone.

Car Operating Panel (COP): The COP is the navigational panel within the car. It can be customized with countless materials, finishes, button styles, and even LCD displays.

KONE Ultra Rope hoisting system; image via Digital Trends

Elevator Performance

Speed: Gearless traction elevators can achieve speeds anywhere from 500-feet to 2,000-feet per minute, geared systems up to 500-feet per minute and hydraulic up to 200-feet per minute. Maximum travel distance can also influence the chosen speed of an elevator system, since 30 seconds is considered to be the maximum travel time between the bottom and top floors of any single building.

Capacity: Passenger elevators generally have capacities ranging from 1,000 to 6,000-pounds while freight elevators are classified by their load capabilities, and can handle up to 20,000-pounds.

Energy Consumption: On average, elevators consume about 5% of a building’s overall electricity. Hydraulic units in low-rise buildings generally prove less efficient than traction elevators in mid to high-rise buildings. Energy saving methods such as intelligent software packages that respond to elevator traffic, green materials, and efficient lighting can significantly reduce the system’s energy use.

Fire: It is important to state where your building is located so that manufacturers can ensure the elevator packages will meet local fire codes. Some elevators, for example, will have completely fire resistant doors.

Il Fondaco Dei Tedeschi by OMA

Escalators

Escalators are fairly complicated pieces of machinery, but it doesn’t take a mechanical engineer to specify them for your project. Manufacturers build, deliver and install them as complete units, and only a few components are completely customizable. The most complicated information you’ll need to provide includes details on the dimensions and structural capacity of the installation space, as well how many people are expected to circulate through the building at any given time. Beyond that, think about the color and material you envision for the steps, handrails, balustrades and decking.

Schindler Elevator Corporation U.S. Headquarters | Phase 2 by Ikon.5 Architects

Escalator Aesthetics

Steps: Escalator steps are available in aluminum, steel and synthetic compounds as well as a wide range of finishes. The most common finishes are natural and powder coated. Common dimensions for escalator steps are 24, 36 or 40-inches. In addition, U.S. building codes stipulate that escalators may not exceed a 30-degree inclination angle.

Handrail: Escalator handrails are most commonly composed of a dark soft plastic or rubber, which can be specified in nearly any color.

Balustrade: Escalator balustrades are most commonly composed of glass, aluminum, bronze or steel. Balustrades are typically 36 to 40-inches tall and approximately ½-inch wide.

Inner and Outer Decking: The inner and outer decking refer to the aluminum or steel covering, which covers the juncture between the system’s balustrade and steps. Powder-coating and other finishes allow for color and texture variation in this element of the escalator.

Lighting: LED lights are commonly added to the balustrade, the comb (the area between the top and bottom steps and the landing), the step gaps and skirts, either in spots or strips.

Bibliothèque Alexis de Tocqueville by BARCODE Architects and OMA

Escalator Performance

Circulation: State whether you have circulation requirements, including the estimated maximum number of people that will need to use the escalator during the busiest time of the day. This may affect the step width and speed of the specified machinery.

Speed: Escalator speed generally ranges from 75 to 100-feet per minute. Higher speeds are more difficult to achieve on longer escalators, while still maintaining low levels of vibration.

Energy Consumption: Escalators generally account for anywhere from 2-10% of a building’s energy output; it is therefore very important to consider how much energy the escalators are going to consume during operation. Many manufacturers provide efficient drive systems, components that require less power and intelligent power management software.

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The post An Architect’s Guide To: Elevators and Escalators appeared first on Journal.

The jury is deliberating... stay tuned for the winners of Architizer's A+Product Awards! Register for the A+Product Awards Newsletter to receive future program updates.

Exterior lighting brings façades and outdoor spaces to life. Whether utilizing fixtures for security, landscape or dramatic effect, exterior lights can transform how you see and understand a building or pathway. While exterior lighting may fall under a landscape architect’s purview, it’s important for every type of architect to understand how outdoor lights can integrate with a building and its larger site. By understanding the play between light and dark, architects can use contrast and shadows to create inspiring and intriguing spaces.

The main starting point when considering exterior lighting is establish the primary design goal: are you hoping to identify key features, add drama to surfaces that don’t normally stand out, or to simply create a clear path and entryway? You can both highlight a building’s architectural features and draw attention to plantings and trees. From task lighting for safety to ambient string lights for the perfect outdoor party, start by identifying the outdoor spaces you want to use and then find solutions for each area. Next, you should understand the basic types of fixtures when making your lighting plan. Finally, you should consider security and maintenance. These steps are reviewed in the following guide and provide a solid foundation for understanding different ways to brighten your design.

Audain Art Museum by Patkau Architects

Types of Outdoor Lighting

Task Lighting: It’s important to start with task lighting for illuminating pathways and entrances. Task lighting is paramount when performing specific tasks. This type of outdoor lighting can be achieved by using pathway lights, deck lighting and outdoor step lights. If your fixture is exposed to the elements, you will want to make sure to get a wet-rated fixture. And always make sure that the light fixture is specifically identified as outdoor lighting.

Ambient Lighting: This lighting provides an area with overall outdoor lighting. A common mistake is using too bright a bulb outside. A bulb that uses a lower wattage or has a lower lumens output is generally adequate in the dark. Usually, these are outdoor wall lights or post lights. Ambient lighting is also known as general lighting, which radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare and allows you to see and walk safely.

Accent Lighting: Accent lighting adds drama to an outdoor space by creating visual interest. Take time to plan and focus your lighting for particular features: walkways, the doorway, landscaping. You can highlight trees, planting areas and architectural details. This type of lighting is usually provided by spotlights. Here, up lighting can be used to create drama with a taller structure or tree.

Modern Zen Design House by RCK Design

Outdoor Lighting Fixtures

Path Lights: This is the most common type of landscape lighting. Path lights are small posts that have a light built in and are capped with a diffuser. They can be used to frame out a space or feature in a yard, or spread out down a walkway. They can be place around a pond, along a driveway or lining a pathway.

Ceiling Lights & Hanging Lights: Ceiling lights and hanging lights are usually selected for damp locations where they’re never directly exposed to rain. Made to be integrated in a surface or as a featured light, they are normally specified as brighter fixtures. You can find hanging lights in a wide range of styles that offer varying levels of brightness.

Wall Lights: The classic front or back porch light, wall lights can be mounted on virtually any vertical surface. One of the most commonly seen outdoor fixtures, wall lights are a durable and attractive. Outdoor wall lights are usually used for decorative purposes, providing ambient or accent lighting rather than focused, bright lighting. These are the ideal choice for patios or porches.

Seoul Metropolitan Government Plaza by C´Topos & Seegan Architects

Post Lights & Pier Mount Lights: As the name suggests, post lights are fixtures that mount on top of posts. When a more architectural light is needed, post mount lights are designed to install onto a post or on top of a structure. They’re commonly used for entries, gates, fences or around a deck. Because they’re usually placed in open-air settings like driveways and pathways, most post lights are “wet rated,” meaning they are designed to withstand direct exposure to rain and moisture. Pier mount lights look much like post lights, but are designed to be installed on top of columns or walls.

Landscape Lights: Landscape lighting is a low voltage system separate from the wall and ceiling lights. Path, spot and floodlights can be used in combination to created layered lighting. Spotlights can be used for featuring a number of outdoor elements like trees, buildings, sculptural and architectural details. Well lights are recessed into the ground to create a seamless look in both landscape and hardscape setting. The inset profile is minimal and can be used to up light trees, walls or art.

Deck and Step Lights: Deck and step lights are installed directly into a yard’s hardscape or decking. They are used as an accent to architectural details and added safety to dark stairs. They can also be used for washing light down stone walls or lighting up entertainment spaces.

Lilian Baylis | Linea Light Group

Safety & Security

There are options that help boost security when you design for outdoor lighting. With everything from Wi-Fi-controlled LED light bulbs to motion-sensor lights with distance and size controls, considering safety and security begins with understand location. The main focus is usually the front door, driveway, and garage. Motion sensor lights are a good solution because they are triggered by movement. Security lights offer a bright, flood-like light that helps ward off burglars or intruders.

Dusk to Dawn Lights: These fixtures are fitted with special photo sensors which trigger them to automatically turn on and off with the setting and rising of the sun. They are an easy way to ensure your outdoor lighting is on only when needed.

Motion Sensor Lights: Sensor lights are triggered to turn on by nearby movements, making them ideal as security lights and for high-traffic parts of your property like entries and walkways. The range and angle of motion sensor vary by design.

Anantara Al Jabal Akhdar Resort

Scale

It’s important to consider the scale of your space. From a small, intimate garden to a large backyard field, understanding the scale of your outdoor lighting scheme will determine the front porch wall lights, ceiling and hanging lights, and post and pier mounted lights.

Post and Pier Mount Lights: For post-mounted designs, 84” high (or 7 feet) is standard. Fixtures may be a different size depending on the number of bulbs.

Front Porch Wall Lights: If you have one fixture, your light should be approximately one-third the height of the door. For two fixtures, wall lights can be as little as 1/4 the height of the door.

Ceiling and Hanging Lights: The most important thing to consider is that your space is tall enough to accommodate a hanging light. From there, you can choose a design that’s proportional to the dimension of the covered porch or patio.

Maintenance

As for maintenance, motion-sensors and solar-powered lights are one way to save energy with outdoor lighting. For wattage, if the bulb is in a glass shade, try the 75 to 100 Watt equivalent range. For an exposed bulb, get a minimum of a 60 Watt equivalent. Most outdoor fixtures are designed for either wet or damp location use. It’s important to consider which you need:

Wet Rated (or Wet Location) fixtures are designed for use anywhere that is directly exposed to wind and rain. Outdoor wall lights, post lights and motion sensor lights are wet location rated.

Damp Rated (or Damp Location) fixtures are designed for use in covered patios, pergolas and any place that is not exposed directly to rain and moisture. Outdoor ceiling lights and hanging lights are damp use rated.

Kyoto Modern Terrace Design

Cost

As there are many types, styles and sizes of outdoor lighting available, the pricing for different options is highly varied. To find out what the typical pricing is for the type of outdoor lighting you have in mind, it’s helpful to simple start browsing for different fixtures. Don’t forget that the list price doesn’t account for installation costs. Also consider the amount of energy the light uses that will affect your ongoing costs. Finally, when weighing the cost of exterior lighting, don’t forget to look into the fixture’s durability and whether it will need to be replaced over time.

Power

Though you can sometimes rely on solar power, most lights on decks, patios or porches will need electricity. For outdoor lighting that requires electricity, you’ll choose between low voltage and line voltage.

Low Voltage Lighting: This option works at 12 volts, use less energy, and are typically easier to install.

Line Voltage Lighting: This option uses 120 volts, which is the same amount of energy that most appliances in your house use. They typically require some extra features to install safely outside, such as a conduit that will protect your wires and a junction box.

Case Studies

Seeing how different outdoor lighting products have been used in context is key. To this end, the following architectural case studies can help further inform your research into exterior fixtures:

Lighting the Way: 5 Brilliant Buildings Transformed by Customized LEDs

Light Emitting Diodes, or LEDs, are revolutionizing the way we see architecture, and it’s about time. In the 139 years since Edison patented the first light bulb, lighting technology has remained essentially the same. In addition to the environmental benefits, the low voltage required to operate LEDs and their reliable construction makes them suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, even in the most extreme climates.

Shine On: Fundamentals of Lighting Architectural Elements

Lighting has the ability to transform a project and how it’s experienced more than you may realize, particularly when it’s used to highlight vertical surfaces and ornaments. Whether you’re working with a lighting designer or not, you should know some basics about illuminating walls and other elements to create impact. Read on for some fundamentals and advice.

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Few architectural elements are as fundamental as green roofs. From the most basic cave-like forms and sod roofs of ancient structures to modern rooftop parks spanning thousands of feet, green roofs have shaped architecture throughout history. In the most basic sense, green roofs are a layered combination of vegetation and membrane over a building that can help insulate and provide water management. Modern systems help mitigate the heat island effect, create habitats, filter pollutants, sequester carbon and even increase agricultural and amenity space.

Typical green roof layers; via Let’s Talk About Sustainable Stuff

As architects look to green roof systems and their potential in projects, we’ve created this handy guide as an introduction into green roof systems. While not diving into the specifics of drainage flow rates, the performance of growing mediums or technical waterproofing details, the guide introduces architects and designers to the fundamentals of selecting these systems alongside consultants. Usually mosses, succulents, bulbs and tubers, grasses, herbs, herbaceous and woody plants are recommend for green roofs. These systems are presented in the guide in relation to habitat, water management, energy needs and other factors affecting a project’s design.

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High Line by James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofidio + Renfro and Piet Oudolf

Main Types

There are three basic types of green roofing systems to consider when designing your project. It’s important to understand the slope of the roof and what structure and the future use or lifespan you’re considering as you make this choice. The type of roof is also tied to the type of vegetation.

Extensive green roof by ZinCo Green Roof Systems

The main types are:

Extensive systems: These green roofs are used for areas that are out of reach and not used for other purposes. Normally they include vegetation that will make them low maintenance and self-sustaining. Extensive systems represent the form closest to nature, and plants should be resistant to drought and frost, while being able to survive occasional over irrigation and lack of nutrients. They usually have shallow substrate depths and load nutrition.

Baltimore Convention Center Intensive Green Roof

Semi-intensive: This system requires some maintenance from time to time. These green roof systems lie between the extensive and the intensive, and usually include a mix of plant types.

Intensive systems: As a roof type that requires frequent maintenance, intensive systems can be thought of as gardens on a roof. In contrast with an extensive green roof, there are almost unlimited possibilities with respect to the plants that can be used in an intensive system.

Tongva Park by James Corner Field Operations

Design Considerations

Planning Consent/Permission: Designing green roofs in a development may gain support which can help to secure planning consent. It may be possible to retrofit green roofs on certain buildings without planning consent, although the planning authority should be consulted if there is any doubt.

Access: As with all roofs, maintenance is required and therefore access must be considered. It is important to design for ease of access to all types of green roofs, as all green roofs require some degree of maintenance. While extensive green roofs require less maintenance than intensive roofs, there are still routine cleaning and clearing that needs to be done. Roof access usually comes in the form of hatches, ladder points or full roof containment.

Manufacturers: There are many green roof suppliers and manufacturers to choose from when considering your design. Usually, it’s best practice to include them in the design process as industry experts can advise you on the specifics of thermal performance, drainage, loading and other factors.

Green Roof Case Study by COOKFOX

Biodiversity: Understanding the desired biodiversity and habitat is a major factor in selecting a green roof system. A general understanding of the bioregion, species requirements and planting can help inform clients which system makes the most sense. Biodiversity is also closely tied to everything from water management to insulation. When designing for this, consider a range of elements like deeper soils, un-vegetated areas, hard surfaces, as well as varying depths and composition of substrate.

Fire Risk: Dry vegetation on green roofs has the potential to catch fire. Consider a variety of factors when selecting your system: pebble or concrete paving, vegetation barriers around roof penetrations, routine maintenance to reduce the fire hazard, and try to make sure that green roof substrate does not contain a high volume of organic content.

Maintenance: The maintenance schedule should be considered during the design process. The maintenance required will depend on the outcome desired by the client; this may range from weekly checks during summer on an intensive roof garden, to quarterly or even twice yearly checks on the most extensive green roofs. It’s good to consider the cost of the post installation maintenance early in the design process.

The Marcel Sembat High School by archi5

Structure

Roof Pitch: Any pitch can be greened, including a vertical surface. However, over 45 degrees it’s best to consider these surfaces as living walls. A pitched roof reduces the risk of water penetrating the roof structure, allowing the use of fewer waterproofing and drainage layers. As a rule of thumb, a pitch under 10 degrees is normal for green roofs, where a minimum fall of 1:60 can help encourage drainage.

Capacity & Space: The roof can often be the space where major building systems are specified, including for MEP. A green roof may need to incorporate edge detailing around mechanical structures, and should be carefully considered when understanding the load capacity of the vegetation in combination with equipment. As a rule of thumb, extensive green roofs usually support 10-25 pounds of vegetation per square foot, while intensive roofs support 80-150 pounds of vegetation per square foot.

Loads should be considered when the roof substrate is saturated, as this will be when the greatest loads are placed on the structure. For architects, it’s good to remember that extensive green roofs are good for low-rise lightweight structures, while heavy steel or concrete structures can provide support for intensive green roofs with trees and where amenity access is desired.

Green roofs Diagram | Growing Green Guide

Water Management

To protect the roof, a waterproofing membrane is often used, which is manufactured to remain watertight in extreme conditions. This helps to protect from ponding water, varied alkaline conditions, and dampness. All green roofs need a layer of material that is root-resistant. A root barrier can be incorporated into the waterproofing itself or may consist of an additional membrane on top of the waterproofing.

Green roofs can also reduce stormwater runoff. Water is stored by the roof’s substrate and then taken up by the plants, from which it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation. Remember, at a minimum, there should be two downpipe outlets per roof. Consider plant encroachment in drainage systems, as well as peak flow and runoff volume for water.

Extensive management: Many green roofs are installed to comply with local regulations regarding storm water runoff management. Extensive roofs do not usually require irrigation, although they are often watered the first 4 to 6 weeks after installation.

Intensive management: Usually intensive systems are irrigated where more water dependent plants are used, even though these systems usually include deeper substrates. You can also specify a moisture blanket or geotextile membranes to help plants keep water.

Rainwater: While storm-water runoff from a green roof is reduced compared to a traditional roof, rainwater can still be used for non-potable applications. Where rainwater is harvested from green roofs, fertilizers should not be used. High nutrient levels in water can lead to problems with algae blooms.

Green Roof Case Study by COOKFOX

Vegetation

As a note for vegetation, the soil for a green roof should have a ratio of 70 percent inorganic material and 30 percent organic material. Low nutrients and lightweight substrates are a good combination for a green roof and its vegetation. The types of plants that you will have will depend on the type of green roof you are installing.

Seed mixtures can be bought specifically for green roofs. For extensive green roofs, it’s good to use moss, sedum, herbs and grasses. For semi-intensive green roofs, consider grasses, shrubs, small trees, woody plants and herbs. The most versatile of all is intensive green roofs, which can host virtually all plants and be treated much like a garden.

Case Studies

It’s always important to speak with consultants, ecologists, and industry experts as you begin deciding what green roof makes the most sense for your project. As a point of reference, the following cast studies provide examples of how green roofs are used in modern architecture projects today:

Sky Garden House by Guz Architects

Top 10: Amazing Green Roofs Around The Globe

Long popular in Europe, green roofs are now gaining a sturdy foothold in the U.S. and beyond. Increasingly, owners of all building types, from single-family dwellings to giant commercial complexes, are recognizing the economic and environmental payoffs of living roofs. While they provide shelter from the elements, roofs can be much more! Here, we profile 10 remarkable living roofs around the globe, from Brussels to Vancouver.

Green Roof Case Study by COOKFOX

Green Roof Case Study

New York City, like other metropolises of many millions of people, has both great environmental advantages and serious ecological impacts. Its roofscape is largely a field of black tar surfaces that soak up sun and shed stormwater to the pavement below. In the summer of 2006, COOKFOX decided to set a greener, healthier example with a roof that absorbs stormwater, fights the urban “heat island” effect that burdens the city’s energy infrastructure, and benefits both the local ecosystem and the human environment.

The Marcel Sembat High School by archi5

Growing Curiosity: High Schools Rethinking Green Roof Design

Architecture dramatically shapes how we learn. Today, designers are increasingly blending creative learning environments and landscapes to support new education models. Integrating public space while embracing views and climate, these projects are both expressive and inclusive in nature. We’ve gathered together the following green-roof high schools that advocate a close connection to natural systems. Created as urban landmarks and integrated ecosystems, the high schools each explore the aesthetic and performative potential of green roofs.

High Line by James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Piet Oudolf

Urban Greenfingers: 7 Regeneration Projects That Keep Our Cities Breathing

Marrying architecture and agriculture in our cities provides us with a buffer to the elements. Permeable and integrated into the fabric of our built environment, sustainable drainage systems (SuDs) for example combat annual rainfall and the subsequent sewage, partly through an increase in green parks, squares, and streets.

The demand placed upon our cities by an expanding urban populous means we have to strive for unconventional methods to meet the growing need. The projects in this collection range from ambitious regeneration schemes that employ green ‘living’ walls, efficient energy consumption, and water recycling systems to minimal interventions that occupy spaces left vacant by industry.

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Metal cladding has hugged the twists and turns of architecture for decades. From the punched tin of Louis Sullivan to the titanium swoops of Frank Gehry, designers have embraced metal cladding for its formal flexibility and finish. Its popularity is primarily down to its incredible versatility, both avant-garde and off-the-shelf.

However, this material’s greatest strength also makes it a challenge for architects specifying it for a building envelope — the number of different finishes, forms and methods of attachment can seem endless. In this guide, we break down the options to help you decide which metal cladding product is the perfect fit for your next project.

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Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts by Safdie Architects in Kansas City features metal siding by GKD-USA

Metal Cladding Systems

Metal is commonly used for non-structural, rain-screen cladding systems, where the priority is to provide protection from the elements as well as a striking external finish. Thanks to its foldable, malleable nature, metal panels can be connected together and attached to a building in a wide variety of ways, each system offering different benefits in terms of construction complexity and aesthetic finish. Some of the most widely-utilized systems are as follows:

Via Metal Cladding Systems

Standing seam: One of the most recognizable systems, standing seam cladding is characterized by robust folded connections between each panel. Its concealed fixing details allow for sleek architectural exteriors, making it a popular choice across typologies. Standing seam systems can be used with many different types of metal, including aluminum, galvanized or stainless steel, titanium, zinc and weathering (Cor-ten) steel.

Snaplock: A simpler alternative to standing seam, snaplock displays a similar ribbed profile but does not require specialist closing equipment to install it. Snaplock panels are designed to “snap” together, offering a low-fuss installation.

Via Metal Cladding Systems

Interlocking: An interlocking system offers up a smoother appearance with dramatic, express joints. Interlocking metal cladding panels can vary in width, and can be detailed to run horizontally, vertically or even diagonally.

Flatlock and shingle: Flatlock panels lock together to create a flush, flexible, thin façade. The system can also be installed in reverse, creating deeper express lines; this is called “Reversed Flatlock.” For a striking variation on the flatlock system, a shingled metal façade can be created using panels folded into interconnecting tile shapes.

Via Metal Cladding Systems

Cassette: Ideal for large cladding areas, the open-jointed cassette system can be used with huge panels up to 13 feet in length. The cassettes are bent and fixed with invisible clips, usually to an aluminum framework, and result in a contemporary, flat appearance.

Custom: If none of the above options are a fit for your specific project, a bespoke system can be developed by a specialist manufacturer, altering an existing system or creating something completely new. Project budget will need to be considered in the case, since customization will increase the cost substantially.

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Materials

Metal cladding encompasses a plethora of different materials, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. Your material choice will be influenced by a number of project-specific factors, including desired aesthetic, climatic conditions, chosen structural system, the nature of adjacent materials and the construction budget. The following are among the most common material options for metal cladding:

Left: Stainless steel; via Ideal Spec. Right: galvanized steel; via Wild Textures

The façade of Elevon Campus by Ehrlich Yanai Rhee Chaney Architects is clad in weathering steel by Dissimilar Metal Design

Stainless steel: Steel coated in a thin layer of chromium oxide is commonly referred to as stainless steel. The chromium helps prevent the oxidization process of corrosion occurring, so the material is resistant to rusting. Stainless steel is also popular for its clean, polished finish.

Galvanized steel: Galvanized steel is coated in a thin layer of zinc, and helps to prevent rusting in a similar manner to stainless steel’s chromium layer. Visible crystallites in the coating give galvanized steel a mottled aesthetic feature known as “spangle”.

Weathering steel: Often referred to as COR-TEN steel, weathering steel is designed to form a protective layer over time that displays a consistent rust-like appearance. This layer acts as a barrier against corrosion and eliminates the need for painting. Its earthy, industrial aesthetic is striking, but COR-TEN cladding must be detailed correctly to ensure it retains a consistent patina over time.

Left: The aluminum façade of Essex Crossing by SHoP Architects, New York. Right: The titanium skin of Guggenheim Bilbao by Gehry Partners, Bilbao, Spain; via Condé Nast Traveler

The stunning zinc roof of Ga On Jai by IROJE KHM Architects was manufactured by VMZinc

Aluminum: Aluminum is naturally resistant to rusting or blistering, making it a popular cladding choice for contemporary projects. It also possesses an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, meaning aluminum façade attachment systems can be less bulky than those for steel panels. That said, the material is prone to denting and scratches, and may corrode under certain environmental conditions without proper care. Read about SHoP’s detailing of a striking, torqued aluminum façade for Essex Crossing in New York.

Titanium: Titanium is favored by architects for its light weight, high strength and glossy, reflective appearance. Over time, a protective oxide film forms on the material’s surface, increasing its resistance to corrosion. That said, maintenance is key with titanium cladding, as Frank Gehry will attest — his iconic Guggenheim Bilbao was left with brown staining when it was not properly cleaned after construction.

Zinc: Lauded for its weatherproof, corrosion resistant qualities, zinc is immune to the harmful effects of UV rays and even possesses self-healing properties, meaning that if scratched, the material can recover itself with time.

Copper cladding at the Columbus Museum of Art, Margaret M. Walter Wing by DesignGroup; photos by Brad Feinknopf

TECU® brass cladding at the Transfer Centre for Adaptronics (Fraunhofer Institute), Darmstadt, Germany; via MIXX Cladding

Copper: Another lightweight cladding option, copper is very durable compared to other materials, and at the end of the building life is also 100% recyclable. Its subtly reflective appearance evolves over time due to oxidization, turning the metal a distinctive green color.

Brass: Striking a balance between the cool hue of zinc and the warmth of copper, brass is a highly malleable cladding material that makes it well suited to decorative sheet metal work. Over time, brass takes on a golden-brown patina as its surface oxidizes.

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Performance

One of the primary reasons metal is a popular cladding material is its resiliency. When the right material is combined with well-considered detailing, a metal building envelope can help a structure last for years or even decades longer than it otherwise would have. That said, there are a number of performance factors to consider in order to use metal’s strengths to your advantage in a project:

Durability: While metal is generally highly durable, some metals are softer than others and can be scratched or dented by hale and other objects. The geographic location and intended lifespan of a building should therefore be considered with respect to a material’s resilience. Be sure to let manufacturers know the durability requirements of the building envelope so they can assist you in identifying the right material for your project.

Fire resistance: Metal is generally very resistant to fires, but it is still advisable to consult with manufacturers on the fire-resistance rating requirements of your cladding. It is also important to consider how the metal cladding relates to other materials within a building envelope to avoid unforeseen consequences. The recent Grenfell Tower disaster was a tragic reminder of the importance of specifying safe building-products for high-rise construction, and the need for open communication by all parties — architects, manufacturers, contractors and regulators — on this subject.

Typical section through a metal-clad rainscreen façade; via Alucobond

Thermal insulation: Metal cladding systems often contribute little to overall wall insulation values, so it’s likely necessary to attach a sheathing board to the external face of the infill walls for weather and thermal resistance. If your building has a minimum U-value and you need the cladding to help reach it, talk to a specialist metal cladding manufacturer to find the ideal system. The U-value defines the thermal transmittance of a building envelope, which is the energy in Watts (W) passing through a square meter of construction per degree temperature difference from inside to outside.

Acoustic insulation: Metal cladding generally provides limited sound insulation between the external and internal environments. Suppliers often calculate whole-of-wall ratings, factoring in the Rw rating (weighted sound reduction index) or STC (sound transmission class) of the insulating infill-wall products.

Environmental factors: Particularly for large scale projects, it is important to consider the environmental impact of a building material over its entire life cycle, including the manufacturing process, installation process and long-term maintenance requirements. A life cycle assessment provides a rigorous method for measuring each of these factors when deciding which cladding system is most appropriate for your client’s needs.

Wind Action: Building cladding systems are required to sustain wind actions and transfer them to the main building structure. The guidance given in chapter 30 of the ASCE 7-10: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings manual can be used to determine the natural wind actions to be considered during the design of cladding.

Expansion & Contraction: Some metals contract and expand with changes in temperature, humidity and pressure, and if the wrong material is specified, this can lead to permanent building damage. Consult with your manufacturer to establish which metal cladding product is most appropriate for the climate in which your project is to be located.

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Finishes

Almost as important as the selection of the metal itself, finishes can have a significant effect on both aesthetics and performance of metal cladding systems. There is a virtually unlimited range of finishes for metal façade panels — enquire with your manufacturer to find the perfect one for your project. The following are among the most common:

Left: Typical sand blasted metal finish; Right: Typical brushed metal finish

The high-gloss finish of Extension Primary School by Bonnard Woeffray, Bovernier, Switzerland

Sand blasted: Sand blasting lends metal a smooth, matte surface, virtually free from texture. Sandblasted steel can be vulnerable to rusting and should be protected with specialty paint or other coating.

Brushed: Brushed or dull-polished metal displays a unidirectional satin finish with a subtle grain that varies in intensity depending on the level of abrasive action during manufacturing.

Mirrored: The most reflective of all finishes, highly polished finishes offer a striking aesthetic but require a high level of maintenance to ensure their glossiness remains.

Left: Typical engine turned metal finish; Right: Typical powder coated metal finish

Patterned metal finishes by Marcel Wanders and PURE + FREEFORM

Engine turned: Engine turned finishes feature a fine geometric pattern inscribed into the metal, offering a swirled appearance with varying reflective qualities.

Powder coated: Powder coating gives metal a protective layer and a uniform matte aesthetic. Powder coated finishes are available in an unlimited choice of colors.

Patterned: Intricate patterns and complex color combinations are possible — PURE + FREEFORM’s Chameleon Collection is a standout example. Ask manufacturers about the possibilities of even more unique finishes.

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Case Studies

Given the range of different metals and cladding systems available, precedent studies can form a vital part of an architect’s research during the design development and specification stage of a project. Covering innovative material applications, great performance qualities and unique aesthetic effects, the following features should inform and inspire you as you search for the ideal metal cladding product:

Sherbourne Common Pavilion by Teeple Architects Inc., Toronto, Canada

Pushing the Envelope: 7 Bold Buildings Clad in Metal

Seven projects explore metallic façades, skins and building envelopes that are particularly fascinating. Spanning specialty box-rib metal to shockingly affordable and standardized sheets, together these projects form an indispensable catalog for inspiring any stunning metal façade design. Check out the full collection here.

Lillehammer Art Museum and Cinema Expansion by Snøhetta, Lillehammer, Norway

Silver Lining: 7 Lustrous Buildings Clad in Stainless Steel

Thanks to Frank Gehry’s endless sweeping forms, stainless steel’s ubiquity throughout the art deco period and its widespread usage as a contemporary decorative and ornamental material, each and every one of us has feasted our eyes on a luminous stainless steel structure. While the material’s widespread usage may not be new, through strong execution and modern application, the following projects retain a novel beauty. Check out the full collection here.

Bloom; via dOSu-Arch.com

Metal in Motion: What If Building Skins Resembled Human Skin?

Breathable and self-sustaining, there is no façade more dynamic than the “first” skin — our own. And so, what if building skins moved toward intentionally mirroring human skin? Imaginative biologist-turned-architect Doris Kim Sung is urging designers to think about thermobimetal, an experimental alloy with the unique ability to move and expand when heated. Check out the full story here.

COBE’s The Silo under construction; photo by Rasmus Hjortshooj

Architectural Details: COBE Transforms The Silo With a Complete Metal Makeover

Copenhagen’s coolest metal-clad construction was recently completed by innovative Danish design studio COBE. The firm’s highly anticipated project, The Silo, is an old industrial grain storage facility–turned–apartment complex set within the city’s redeveloping Nordhavn district. With four new galvanized-steel façades featuring faceted balconies, the building’s monolithic concrete-clad past is utterly unrecognizable. Check out the full story here.

From left to right: Villa Criss Cross Envelope, Football Stadium Arena Borisov, Winter Kabin on Mount Kanin; images via OFIS arhitekti

Architectural Details: 3 Cladding Concepts by OFIS Arhitekti

Ambition and expertise come together harmoniously in the otherwordly projects of Slovenian studio OFIS Arhitekti. Not only has the Ljubljana-based firm produced some of the most daring architecture seen over the last few years — think the prefab Alpine Shelter Skuta set 6,562 feet over the Slovenian Alps — they also possess a thorough knowledge of materiality. More specifically, they boldly maneuver metal with an unparalleled mastery and grace. Check out the full story here.

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Photovoltaics — also known as solar panels — are one of the most reliable methods for producing renewable energy in the world. Using an array of photovoltaic cells, these technologies absorb and convert sunlight into clean, usable electricity.

Whenever integrating photovoltaics into a project, one of the first step is determining the size of the system and how much of the building’s energy it will support. Therefore, it is important to talk to your manufacturer about where your project is located, how much sun it will receive and the overall electrical demand of the building. Some additional questions that you may want to ask yourself are whether you prefer a roof-mounted system or one that sits atop a shade structure or outbuilding as well as whether the cells should be made of monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous silicon.

To help you select the right photovoltaic system for your next project, we’ve outlined the options available, together with some fundamental factors pertaining to aesthetics and performance that architects should consider.

Science Pyramid by BURKETTDESIGN with photovoltaics by Onyx Solar; Image via Archello

Photovoltaic Systems

Grid-Connected Systems: Grid-connected systems only operate when utility is available. Since utility outages are rare, these systems will usually provide the greatest amount of savings to the building owner. However, in the event of an outage, the system will shut down until utility power is restored. Components of a grid-connected system typically include:

• PV Module: This refers to environmentally sealed collections of PV Cells that convert sunlight to electricity; the most common PV module is 5 to 25-square-feet in size
• PV Array: A PV array is a collection of PV panels, which typically contains four or more PV modules attached together by struts. An array is a complete power-generating unit and is typically around 20 to 35-square-feet.
• Balance of System Equipment: This refers to the mounting and wiring systems that are used to integrate the solar modules into the structural and electrical systems of the home.
• DC-AC Inverter: This converts DC-power from the PV array into standard AC-power that is consumed by buildings. Its size is determined by the building’s electrical demand.
• Meters: Meters indicate how the system is performing and can provide information regarding the building’s energy usage.

Remote Systems: Remote systems incorporate energy storage in the form of batteries and can thus operate in the case of a utility outage. In addition to the components mentioned above, remote systems also include batteries, battery enclosures, battery charge controllers and separate subpanels for critical load circuits.

Solar panel installation via Evergreen Solar

Aesthetics

There are several options for mounting a PV system onto a building, as well as new opportunities for systems that are seamlessly integrated into the building’s components. For further visual inspiration, check out Architizer’s collection Catching Rays: 6 Phenomenal Photovoltaic Façades. Here are some of the most common options:

Rooftop: These PV systems integrate electricity-generating solar panels on the roof of building structures and are often some of the most convenient ways to integrate photovoltaics into a design. For angled roofs, the PV system may be mounted above and parallel to the roof surface with a standoff of several inches for cooling purposes. In cases of suboptimal angles or flat roofs, a separate structure may be employed to improve energy performance by optimizing the tilt-angle towards the sun.

When integrating rooftop PV products, it is important to talk to your manufacturer about the roofing materials that the building will involve. Heavier materials such as masonry, are often structurally designed to be near the limit of their weight-bearing capacity. In these cases, it may be necessary to transition to a lighter product, such as composite shingles, in areas where additional PV systems will be mounted.

Photovoltaic Shade Canopies: This option involves a partial or full integration of a PV array into a structure, such as a patio cover or deck shade. Expansive unobstructed spaces such as parking lots and other outdoor areas, are ideal for these types of systems. In general, however, this mounting type is a more costly option than roof mounting and can require more maintenance as they may be more prone to vegetation and vines growing on the modules and wiring.

Copenhagen International School by C.F. Møller Architects

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): BIPVs displace some of the more conventional PV products with building-integrated modules, allowing for new and aesthetically pleasing ways of integrating energy-saving systems. Commercially available products include roof slates and standing seam metal roofing products.

A typical example of a BIPV roofing system; via KOUKUUJINJA

Special attention must be paid to ensure that these products are installed properly, carry the necessary fire ratings and do not cause roof leaks. For more information on BIPVs, check out Architizer’s case studies: Behind the Design: How Solar Roof Tiles Really Work and How C.F. Møller Architects Altered the Face of Building-Integrated Solar Panels.

Backsheet: PV arrays can be matched to the roofing of a building by customizing the color of the module frame and backsheet. Modules with black frames and black back-sheets meld visually with a dark-colored roofing surface, while bronze frames may be a good match for clay roof tiles or brown-colored shingles or metal. Modules are also available framed or unframed.

Cell Color: Monocrystalline cells tend to be dark and matte, polycrystalline cells appear more sparkly and amorphous cells more translucent. Monocrystalline cells are also available in gold, magenta, steel blue and dark blue, although this type of color alteration usually results in lower energy efficiency, anywhere from 3 to 4-percent.  

Search for Solar Panel Manufacturers

Green Dot Animo Leadership High School by Brooks + Scarpa Architects with photovoltaics by Sun Power

Performance

Material: PV modules are available in several materials and technologies, all of which vary in their levels of efficiency. Today, the three most common are monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film amorphous.

• Monocrystalline: Monocrystalline panels are the oldest, most developed and most expensive of the three technologies. Created from a continuous crystal structure, monocrystalline achieves the most efficient sunlight conversion rates, with efficiency averages from 15 to 20-percent.
• Polycrystalline: Over the past few years, polycrystalline has become the dominant technology for solar panels on the residential scale, due to their cheaper methods of production compared to monocrystalline. Despite being viewed as inferior in the past, polycrystalline cells now reach very similar levels of efficiency as monocrystalline cells.
• Thin Film Amorphous: Thin film panels involve a completely different technology to mono and polycrystalline panels. Less efficient, these systems occupy much more space to create the same amount of energy. One advantage is that thin film amorphous technology performs better in low light conditions, when there is partial shading of the system or when there is extreme heat. With current efficiency rates of around 9-percent, vast improvements in thin film technology are expected in the next ten years.

Building Orientation and Location: The orientation and geographic location of the building influence the amount of sunlight that can be captured by a PV system. Optimal locations are those that receive more sunshine, such as the Southwest United States, while the best orientation is south-facing with no obstructions such as vegetation or trees.

EWE & Bursagaz Headquarters by tago architects with photovoltaics by Onyx Solar

Electrical Demand: It is important to know the electricity demand of the building as well as the extent to which the PV system should cover this demand. If possible, provide a detailed layout to the PV manufacturer you are working with.

Size & Number of Modules: Most modules are typically rectangular and come in many sizes to accommodate the installation area. Be sure to state the length and width of the modules and if you are unsure of the sizing or total number, tell you manufacturer the area of the installation space and the total wattage of the system.

Maximum Power Output: The performance of PV modules and arrays are generally rated according to their maximum DC power output under Standard Test Conditions (STC). Since these conditions are not always indicative of how PV modules and arrays will operate in the field, it is important to recognize that performance after installation may only be 85 to 90-percent of the STC rating.

Tracking System: Low-cost mounting racks tend to be fixed however, you may also choose manual and automatic racks that track the sun throughout the day, in order to increase a system’s power output.

Case Studies

Nursery +e in Marburg by opus Architekten BDA; Photovoltaics by Ertex Solar

Catching Rays: 6 Phenomenal Photovoltaic Façades

Today, all that is changing with the invention of building integrated photovoltaics or BIPVs. This new breed of solar panel is incorporated directly into the building envelope. The sleek panels become an exciting new design element, proudly displayed for all to see. We also now have the technology to construct BIPV curtain walls, composed of transparent or semi-transparent photovoltaic glazing, which not only fill interiors with sunlight but harness it for electricity. Thanks to these innovations and the public’s growing appreciation for clean power, photovoltaic façades are finally having their moment in the sun.

Solar glass panels created by the Ecole Polytechnique Federale in Lausanne; image via Lifegate

How C.F. Møller Architects Altered the Face of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

The Copenhagen International School by C.F. Møller Architects is many wonderful things, but perhaps most remarkably, it is the architecture of willingness and foresight. With a façade encased in over 12,000 solar tiles, this project pushes well beyond carbon-neutrality while proving that a building can reject the dreary aesthetic that architects often associate with building-integrated photovoltaics. With deep pedagogical meaning, this school is not only a site of learning for the students within, but an indispensable resource for the wider world.

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Metal roofs have been used throughout history to stand the test of time. From the Romans who used copper as a roof covering for the Pantheon to alloyed metal roofs in European medieval architecture, these metallic structures are characterized by high resistance, impermeability and longevity. Modern standing seam roofs as we know them were developed in the 1960s and use metal as the roofing material instead of asphalt, tile or slate. Many options are available today, including aluminum, copper or aluminum-zinc alloy coated steel.

The term standing seam comes from the connections between the metal panels that are raised. The seams run vertically and are created by folding and crimping the edges between the panels. These roofs require minimal maintenance and provide both extreme resistance to high winds and a high fire rating. As a durable choice for roofing, we’re exploring the systems, materials and performance of standing seam roofs.

RHEINZINK angled standing seam

Systems

Standing seam roofs are available in several different types, with multiple methods of seaming and different metal used in manufacturing the roofing system.

Non-structural panel: A non-structural panel system uses two sections. One is the flat panel and the other is the batten or seam. The seam portion snaps into place over the clips protecting and concealing the fasteners. With the batten system, spacer clips are installed and locked into place. This type of standing seam metal roof must be installed over a solid substrate; it cannot be installed as a stand-alone or raised system. Tapered or curved panels are available.

Standing Seam Roof Diagram by Maerkang

Continuous seam positive locking: The continuous standing seam metal roof design uses an integral seam. Each panel is designed to snap into place over the previous panel and then it is fastened with clips. No seam caps are required and this reduces the potential for any creeping of the seam. Continuous seam systems can be directly fastened to a solid substrate. The positive locking installation reduces labor in the field.

Mechanically seamed in field: A standing seam metal roof system can be mechanically seamed in the field during installation. This system provides a variety of seam heights. Higher seams can add structural stability to the roofing system. Panels are installed with a fixed or sliding clip system. Sliding clips provide greater tolerance to temperature changes, as they slide during expansion and contraction. Mechanical seams done in the field also allow for curves using radius formation.

Shadow House by Matt Gibson

Materials

Standing seam metal roofs can be crafted in a variety of colors and materials. Lighter colors provide an added benefit of being cooler as they resist solar heat gain. Optimal materials for standing seam metal roofs are those that provide durability, corrosion resistance and longevity. Standing seam metal roof systems are available in different metals including aluminum, aluminum/zinc coated alloy, coated steel and copper. Choice of material is influenced by climate, aesthetic and budget; the following are among the most commonly specified options:

Aluminum: Aluminum possesses an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, meaning aluminum façade systems can be less bulky than those for steel panels. It is naturally resistant to rusting or blistering, making it a popular cladding choice for projects. Modern aluminum alloys can also support the weight of heavy glass spans, thus maximizing the building’s capability for using natural sunlight. The metal and its alloys are lightweight, durable, corrosion resistant and recyclable.

UCONN Social Science East Building Storrs

Copper: Another common standing seam cladding option is copper, which is very durable compared to other materials, and at the end of the building life is also 100% recyclable. Its subtly reflective appearance evolves over time due to oxidization, turning the metal a distinctive green color.

Coated Steel / Zinc: While standing seam roofs can use a variety of different types of coating, a common type is galvanized steel which uses a thin layer of zinc. This helps to prevent rusting in a similar manner to chromium in stainless steel. Visible crystallites in the coating give galvanized steel a mottled aesthetic feature known as “spangle”.

Shurkin Addition by Casey Hughes Architects, Los Angeles, Cali. Image via Casey Hughes Architects

Performance

Standing seam metal roofing systems are installed over an insulating material for added energy efficiency. This insulation also reduces the noise problems that may be found in some metal systems. Standing seam metal roofing systems are normally used for roof slopes of 3:12 or greater. This roofing system does not use exposed fasteners; the raised seams interlock tightly and prevent water penetration.

Mounting options: One of the best parts about standing seam is the option to mount items, such as solar panels, snow retention systems, swamp coolers, or other rooftop addition, without ever having to penetrate or make any holes in the surface of the roof.

Rib Rollers by Sheffield Metals

Durability: Properly installed standing seam metal roofs will last 2-3 times longer than lighter gauge, screw down metal roofing. Not only is the metal itself thicker, 24 gauge compared to lighter grade metals 29 gauge, the paint is also much better. Most standing seam metal roofing is given color with kynar paint that last 35 years.

Wind Action: Building cladding systems are required to sustain wind actions and transfer them to the main building structure. The guidance given in chapter 30 of the ASCE 7-10: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings manual can be used to determine the natural wind actions to be considered during the design of cladding.

Expansion & Contraction: Some metals contract and expand with changes in temperature, humidity and pressure, and if the wrong material is specified, this can lead to permanent building damage. Consult with your manufacturer to establish which standing seam product is most appropriate for the climate in which your project is to be located.

Fire resistance: Standing seam metal is generally very resistant to fires, but it is still advisable to consult with manufacturers on the fire-resistance rating requirements of standing seam roofs. It is also important to consider how the standing seam relates to other materials within a building envelope to avoid unforeseen consequences.

Moose Road by Mork-Ulnes Architects

Cost

A standing seam metal roof usually costs more than other types of metal roofing. It’s important to understand the life cycle, where a steel roof with an aluminum-zinc alloy coating can easily last up to 100 years. When considering the cost of standing seam versus other roof systems, understand the implications of exposed screws, maintenance over time, and how well a roof keeps water out.

Exposed Screws: Metal roofing that screws down requires on average 70 exposed screws per sq. of roofing. On an average sized home this can add up to something like 2,500-3,000 screws or 3,000 potential leaks down the road. Standing seam metal roofs do not have this problem, as the metal is held down with clips that are underneath the metal panels. This means the screw is hidden and should not have a leak issue, and the clip is secured to the roof and not the standing seam metal roofing panel which allows the metal roofing to go through its daily expansion and contraction.

Clicklock Premium Standing Seam

Watertight: Standing seam is a metal roofing system that is designed to interlock to itself keeping water out. The standing seam metal roofing panels are flat in the pan and can be bent to create a hem. The hem is then slid onto a cleat which is sealed with butyl tape when attached. The result is roofing details that are water proof for long term.

Maintenance: Because the roofing details of standing seam around chimneys, skylights and valleys are interlocking and do not rely on caulking, they are very low maintenance. Light gauge metal roofing panels that cannot be hemmed will routinely need sealants around important areas to stay leak free.

Case Studies

With different systems and materials available, the following case studies can help further inform how architects understanding standing seam roofs and their specification. From individual projects to collections and precedents, the following examples help illustrate how standing seam and metal roofs can be applied in modern works of architecture.

Columbus Museum of Art, Margaret M. Walter Wing by DesignGroup, Columbus, Ohio

The architect chose to sheath this 50,000-square-foot wing of the Columbus Museum of Art with pre-patinated copper, in a sense using a time-honored material in a contemporary way to both counter and complement the bronze detailing of the historic wing as well as reference the nearby First Congregation Church’s naturally oxidized copper roofs and spires. The copper cladding is also found in the building interiors. The wall panels are rainscreen products engineered and fabricated by Keith Panel Systems using pre-patinated sheets from Zahner. Zahner also fabricated the custom flashing and standing seam roof.

Pushing the Envelope: 7 Bold Buildings Clad in Metal

Metal cladding dramatically alters the dynamic of a building. In its rawest forms, it’s flexible, durable and economical. On much grander scales, and ever since Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao catapulted onto the global stage, the architecture world has seen a steady push forward in massive metal façades. Both visually remarkable and pragmatic, the material’s qualities and applicability are undeniable. These seven projects explore metallic façades, skins and building envelopes that are particularly fascinating.

Klammer Residence by architektur.terminal hackl und klammer, Austria

By way of cladding the architects chose pre weathered pro Rheinzink panels in a dark-slate pickled finish. They are mounted by the angled standing seam method where the joints stand out for aesthetic effect. The horizontal seam-lines are at irregular distances, which breaks up yet lends movement to the otherwise uniform surfaces of these walls, an at the same time picks up the horizontal motif of the ribbon windows.

Soda Pop Design: 7 Clever Architectural Details in Aluminum

In construction applications, aluminum first appeared in roofing, flashing, wall panels and spandrels. The first extensive use of aluminum in construction occurred in the Empire State Building. As a material, aluminum also possesses an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, meaning aluminum façade systems can be less bulky than those for steel panels. Exploring aluminum architecture and its detailing, this collection of projects showcases how some of the world’s most innovative architects have utilized aluminum in modern construction projects.

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Sometimes referred to as false ceilings or dropped ceilings, suspended ceilings function as a second ceiling that hangs below the original or structural one. These systems can improve acoustics in a room by lowering the ceiling height, as well as adding in more absorptive materials. They can also make for a much cleaner design, by concealing wires as well as heating and ventilation pathways.

NYU Steinhardt School by Matiz Architecture & Design

Suspended Ceiling Systems

Panel and Tile Systems: Suspended ceilings are often composed of a series of panels that form the visible surface of the ceiling. One of the most common panel system is the “tee” system. Long strips, called “mains” are connected with shorter strips called “tees.” This grid of mains and tees are then filled with panels to form the second ceiling. The panels stay in place by gravity and can be easily removed by lifting them up and out of the frame.

Concealed Grid Systems: Concealed grid ceilings have a more higher-end look than the standard panels systems. This type of suspended ceiling uses the panels themselves, which fit neatly together edge-to-edge, to conceal the actual grid. Manufacturers such as Arktura, offer concealed grid systems that can render a variety of complex visual patterns from simple, repeated elements. These systems are manufactured to conceal HVAC, lighting and other infrastructural elements, while maintaining their complete operability.

Stretch Ceiling via Barrisol

Stretch Ceiling Systems: A stretch ceiling is a suspended ceiling system that is composed of one large panel. The shape of the suspended ceiling is defined by the frame, which is usually custom designed and fabricated. The frame can be made to fit snugly against the walls of the room, or could be more sculptural, such as a wave-shaped frame suspended below the ceiling. The stretched material is commonly a thin plastic film such as vinyl or PVC, which can be any color, finish or transparency. However this surface could also be a custom wooden veneer panel or decorative fabric.

Custom Ceilings: If you are not completely satisfied with any single system, you may choose to create a custom ceiling to address the specific needs of your space. Many manufacturers including Zentia and Arktura work with architects to bring custom structures to life. 

Geometric Origami Ceiling by ASSEMBLE

Aesthetics

Color & Finish: Ceiling panels or tiles come in almost any color you can imagine, and in most cases they could be painted or powder-coated to match the specific color scheme of your design. Make sure to speak with your supplier before painting or coating your panels, in order to ensure that they will maintain the same acoustic properties and fire-rating efficiency.

New York University Department of Social and Cultural Analysis by LTL Architects

Materials: Some common materials for off-the-shelf panels include fiberglass, gypsum, tin, plastic, or mineral fiber. However, more decorative or custom panel options are often made of hardwood, fabric, metal, plastic and glass. When it comes to material selection, the main limitation will be how each material performs against fire and safety codes.

Size: Standard off-the-shelf fiberglass and gypsum panels are 2’ x 2’ or 2’ x 4’ and are often up to ¾” thick. However, other decorative materials can be manufactured to be much thinner. Suspended ceiling accessories, such as lighting fixtures, fans or other HVAC access panels are typically found in these same dimensions.

Regional Utility Provider Portland Service Center Rehabilitation by FFA Architecture and Interiors

Quantity: It is important to calculate how many panels you will need in order to cover the total area of your suspended ceiling grid. Use the drop ceiling grid and materials calculator for a quick estimate of the number of standard sized panels needed for a space. Regardless of whether you are choosing off-the-shelf panels or custom panels and grids, you can send your reflected ceiling plans (RCPs), floor plans, and elevations to the manufacturer to get their help in deciding on the layout, shape, and quantity of panels.

Search for Suspended Ceiling Manufacturers

Soft Sound Wood Finish Acoustical Systems by Arktura

Aesthetics

Acoustical Properties: Most ceiling manufacturers have specialized products that can target the sound conditions of any space. Arktura’s sound-attenuating Soft Sound material, for example, is sustainably produced from recycled milk cartons, and can transform otherwise loud spaces into pleasant acoustical environments.

For this reason, it is commonly harnessed throughout educational, office and hospitality settings. When specifying a suspended ceiling, it is important to describe your needs in terms of sound control for the space. Some questions you may ask yourself is whether the ceiling should deflect or absorb sound, and to what extent?

SoundEdge by Arktura

Fire Resistance: It is important to ensure that there are no fire sprinklers or smoke detectors mounted behind the suspended ceiling. If there are sprinklers behind the grid, you may be able to install drop-out ceiling panels, depending on local codes. Drop-out ceiling panels are designed to respond to the heat from a fire, and allow sprinklers to function properly.

Maintenance: Acoustic ceiling panels or tiles, which are meant to help improve the sound quality inside a space, may have a sponge-like texture on the surface, with many small holes to help absorb sounds. This may work well acoustically, but could be very difficult to clean. If your building has strict hygiene codes, talk to your manufacturer about how the material that you select will hold up over time. 

Custom Ceiling by Arktura

Sustainability: It is important to consider the life cycle of the ceiling products that you are specifying. Ask your manufacturers whether or not they are made from recycled materials and if they can be recycled once they are removed from the installation. Some manufacturers offer ceiling grid systems with low volatile organic compound (VOC) levels, which can help improve air quality within the space itself and overall, during the manufacturing process.

Case Studies

ONE Kearny: Lightfold by IwamotoScott Architecture, San Francisco, Calif.

Look Up: 7 Sculptural Wood Ceilings That Undulate and Flow

The eight projects in this collection are united by a distinctive architectural feature: wood ceilings. While wood is more commonly seen beneath our feet, wood ceilings provide an innovative and novel offering. Throughout these projects, wood ceilings are derived from fascinating sources of inspiration, and result in pleasant environments marked by warmth and comfort. The organic, breathable and dynamic nature of wood introduces life and vibrancy into this diverse set of architectural spaces.

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Few materials inspire creativity like tiles. Available in a range of sizes, shapes, colors and materials, tiles provide durable surfaces and finishes to both interior and exterior spaces. As one of the oldest forms of decorative arts, tiles date as far back as the Egyptians, who decorated their houses with blue tile bricks, as well as the Mesopotamians, who used glazed bricks. Tiles are easy to care for, so they are ideal for high-traffic areas or areas where there’s moisture or dirt.

Today, tiles have expanded to encompass a wide range of materials, applications, patterns and designs. Wall tiles specifically differ from floor tiles in that they are usually not intended to be load bearing. The glazes used in the manufacturing of a wall tile are also different, and are not designed to resist wear from foot traffic. They are often lighter and thinner than floor tiles. Exploring the basics of wall tile selection and specification, we’ve created an intro guide to wall tiles specifically for architects. From materials and sizes to ratings and maintenance, the guide serves as a starting point to understand how tiles can be used in modern designs.

Research Wall Tile Manufacturers

Tiles by 41zero42

Materials & Types

First and foremost, it’s important to understand that tiles can be made from many, many different materials. However, there are some standard types. Tiles are manufactured as a piece of hard-wearing material using ceramic, stone, metal, glass, or various types of clay. They can also be made from lightweight materials like perlite or wood, though these are far less common. The following tile materials can be found around the world.

Ceramic or Porcelain

As the most common wall tile type, ceramic and porcelain tiles differ namely on water absorption rates. Tile that absorbs water at a slower rate is normally called porcelain, and is best for high-moisture spaces like bathrooms. Porcelain tiles are produced from a finer, denser, more impervious clay then ceramic. They’re fired at higher temperature, making them stronger, harder and more damage resistant than non-porcelain ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles are usually produced by firing red or white clay in a kiln, and coating with a durable glaze which carries the color and pattern. While ceramic tiles are not suitable for outdoor use, they can be used in areas of light to moderate traffic. Also, ceramic tiles are not as hard as porcelain, so they can be cut easier.

Arianna by Bardelli

Glazed Wall Tile

Glazed tiles are typically used for wall applications, and the most popular being subway tiles with width-to-height ratio of about 2:1. Glazed tiles are usually ceramic or porcelain. They are normally fired at a high temperature to create a dense, durable tile that’s resistant to moisture. The process of glazing allows for brighter colors and can create a glass-like surface. With glazed tiles, it’s important to remember that PEI Wear Ratings will tell you if the tile is best suited for walls.

Glass

Glass tiles are pieces of glass in various colors formed into uniform shapes. They’re available as both mosaic collections with a mesh backing and as individual tiles. Glass wall tiles can be used to design a patterned or plain back splash in the kitchen or bathroom. Glass wall tiles are much more solid, durable and moisture-resistant than many tiles. They are also one of the easiest tiles to wash because their surface is far less porous than the surface of ceramic tiles. These means that they are not prone to excessive absorption of different impurities. They can also be combined with many other finishing materials, such as Dutch tiles, granite, wood, plastic, and marble.

Rhumbus by Petracer

Mosaic Tile

Traditionally, mosaic tiles are decorative designs made up of small materials arranged to create a pattern or image. A mosaic is defined as an inlay design pattern with tiles smaller than 2×2”. Individual mosaic patterns vary greatly, featuring diverse materials, colors, and tile shapes. They are available in shapes and styles like square, penny round, arabesque, chevron or herringbone. Normally, mosaic tiles are used for backsplashes and walls. Mosaic tile can be used for floors, but this application isn’t popular because its many grout lines make clean-up harder.

Dolce Vita by Edilcuoghi

Quarry Tile

Quarry tile is a hard, impervious paving tile made from the ground minerals formed and fired in much the same way as is used to make brick. This unglazed tile is used for flooring, inside or outside, with great slip resistance. They are typically harder than clay because of the minerals used and the high firing temperatures. Unlike clay terracotta, quarry tiles are not porous and will resist water; and unlike ceramic tile and porcelain, quarry tile does not have a surface glaze layer. One downside to quarry tile is that it can be harder to clean.

Natural Stone Tile

Natural stone tiles have been used for a very long time. The tiles remain popular today due to their ability to withstand wear and tear while retaining their aesthetics. Normally, stone wall tiles are made from granite, marble, slate, and travertine. These work well where moisture is not a concern. Natural stone tile will have rectified edges. They can be heavy, and all stone tiles are porous. It’s important to remember sealing before installation is complete. Natural stone tiles can be found in a variety of commercial and residential properties and applications, mainly in kitchens, bathrooms, and hallways.

Visual Design by Ceramiche Supergres

Sizes

One of the biggest decisions in selecting what type of tile to use in a design is the tile size. There are countless options available, but common practice follows a series of regular sizes that are readily specified. The size of tile you choose can have as much an effect on the appearance of your project as the design and finish. Wall tile is thinner and comes in squares from 3 inches by 3 inches up to 6 inches by 6 inches. For something like mosaic tiles, they are 2 inches square or smaller and can be installed individually. Larger tiles will leave a room with less grout lines, creating a more streamlined look that can make a small room seem bigger. Remember that larger tiles tend to need more adhesive for installation. The following are some common sizes and their applications.

Square Mosaic

Mosaic tile is most commonly used around the home as wall tile as kitchen or bathroom backsplashes. The most popular materials for mosaic are ceramic, porcelain, and glass, followed by stone and metal. Mosaic tile is individual tesserae in 1-inch by 1-inch squares. Typically, twelve rows by twelve columns of mosaic tiles are joined to form a sheet that is roughly 1-foot by 1-foot square. Mosaic tile with each individual tile sized at 2 inches square is available in either loose or mesh-bound form. The mesh backing that holds the tiles together can be easily cut from the back with a utility knife.

Blend

This tile is not large enough to truly call it subway tile, and it has more of a mosaic tile appearance. Thus it can be called a blend. Tile of this type is sized at a 1:2 aspect ratio, where the width is twice that of the height. The blend is bound on the back with mesh. It’s most commonly used as kitchen or bathroom backsplashes, or as wall wainscot.

COLOR Collection – Subway Tile

Subway

As one of the most popular tile types, Subway tiles are made with a 1:2 aspect ratio (height to width). A true subway tile is no smaller than 3 inches high by 6 inches wide. They are used on bathroom walls, kitchen or bathroom backsplashes, showers and tub surrounds. Subway tile is most often made of ceramic or porcelain, though sometimes it is made of glass or metal.

Square Tile

Square 4-inch tile is normally used in kitchens and baths, though also sometimes in floors or countertops. They can be also applied in backsplashes or showers, and four-inch tile is normally made using ceramic, porcelain, glass, stone, and metal.

Plank Tile

Plank tiles are normally 4 inches wide by 24 inches long, or larger. As far as width, they can be made as large as 12 inches. Planks were made as long, narrow tiles normally applied in flooring. In modern interiors, plank tiles are increasingly used to create wainscot, backsplashes or accent walls.

URBAN by Ceramiche Piemme

Porosity & Firing

Porosity is the ratio of voids to solids in a tile, which affects the percentage of water absorbed into a tile. The denser the tile, the less water it absorbs. The classifications for the porosity of tile are: impervious (least absorbent), vitreous, semi-vitreous and non-vitreous (most absorbent). It’s important to understand a tile’s porosity because many spaces may require moisture-proof applications. For example, porous tile shouldn’t be used outdoors where cold weather produces freeze / thaw cycles.

Raw tile material, called bisque, can be either single-fired or double-fired. The firing process affects the hardness of tile. Usually, hotter the firing and the longer it’s fired for, the harder the tile will be. For single-fired tiles, the glaze is applied to the raw material and baked once in a kiln. Double-fired tiles are thicker. After color or decoration is added, the tile is baked a second time.

URBAN by Ceramiche Piemme

Tile Ratings

Tile hardness ratings help you determine the right tile for a space. For instance, baths require a moisture-proof, nonslip material, while entryways need a hard, abrasion-resistant, moisture-proof tile. Some types of tile are harder than others, so tile is rated by a series of standardized tests. These tests evaluate a tile’s relative hardness (the Mohs scale), its ability to stand up to wear and the percentage of water absorbed. While some tiles are rated for indoor or outdoor use only, others can be used in either application.

The Porcelain Enamel Institute hardness ratings are:

Class I – No foot traffic. These tiles are for wall-only applications.

Class II – Light traffic. Interior residential and commercial wall applications. These are for areas where little abrasion occurs, such as bathrooms.

Class III – Light to moderate traffic. Use these in residential settings with normal foot traffic. They are also ideal for countertops and walls.

Class IV – Moderate to heavy traffic. These tiles are acceptable for all home use in addition to medium commercial or light institutional use.

Class V – Heavy to extra heavy traffic. Approved tile for all residential applications, heavy commercial work and institutional foot traffic.

Marvel PRO by Atlas Concorde

Maintenance & Durability

Tiles are a versatile and durable product. In most cases, they can be cleaned easily because dirt and liquids on the surface can be wiped away. Smooth and glazed surfaces are usually easier to clean than rough and unglazed ones. Wall tiles are usually easy to maintain, and depending on the tile type, can help provide a water-proof barrier to areas where moisture is a concern. Some tiled applications can even last for generations. Tiles are hardwearing and not susceptible to fading from UV light. Careful selection can enhance and protect a space or design and add to its capital value.

Case Studies

POKE POKE by STUDIO DOHO

POKE POKE by STUDIO DOHO in Shanghai, China

STUDIO DOHO developed an “Urban Surf” concept for new Shanghai-based restaurant POKE POKE. The 32 sqm project, situated on the ground floor of an old Shanghainese lane house in the Jing’an District of the city, makes a bold statement with its gradient blue façade and surfboard inspired countertops. Limited streetfront facade and existing interior structural walls forced the entrance to be moved off the main street, creating a large solid wall at the main storefront. The designers responded by creating an eye-catching gradient tile wall that represents the sea meeting the sky. The mosaic wall stands out from the streetside and attracts customers to the store entrance, while providing a place for local residents to gather and socialize.

Wig Wag in white by 41zero42

17 Stunning Ceramic Tile Products Every Architect Should Know

The humble yet versatile ceramic tile truly gets around, from cladding walls and floors to furniture and even building exteriors. In fact, it’s such a go-to product type in both residential and commercial projects that ceramic tile consumption in the US alone amounts to more than 2.75 billion square feet every year. Spotlighting some of the many options available, here are some of the standouts from past editions of America’s premier tile and stone expo Coverings.

Cuyperspassage by Benthem Crouwel Architects

Cuyperspassage by Benthem Crouwel Architects, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Cuyperspassage is the name of the new tunnel at Amsterdam Central Station that connects the city and the waters of the IJ-river. Since the end of 2015 it has been used by large numbers of cyclists, some 15,000 daily, and pedestrians 24 hours a day. This ‘slow traffic corridor’ was exactly what many users of the city felt was lacking. What once was by necessity a left or right turn is now, at long last, straight ahead. The tunnel is clad on one side by nearly 80,000 Delft Blue tiles: a true Dutch spectacle at a central spot in Amsterdam. The ceramic company, Royal Tichelaar Makkum, spent five years making the 46,000 wall tiles for the tableau, as well as 33,000 floor tiles, in the traditional Dutch tile size of 13 x 13 cm.

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